Who was St. Francis of Assisi?

 A Turning Point Towards Greater Purpose

After his return to Assisi, Saint Francis resumed his usual lifestyle, but something had changed. He was at an age when deeper emotions and aspirations begin to emerge, and the usual cycle of partying, music, and laughter no longer satisfied him.

One evening, after a lively supper with friends, they stepped outside into the serene night. The starry sky and the peaceful atmosphere struck a chord in Francis's sensitive and poetic soul. When his friends noticed his thoughtful mood and joked about him dreaming of a wife, Francis responded deeply, hinting at his yearning for something beyond their understanding.

This moment was pivotal for Francis. It might have been the end of his carefree partying days, marking the start of his journey towards a more meaningful existence. He gradually felt more drawn towards acts of kindness and charity, which had always been part of his nature. However, these traits now evolved into a consistent habit.

One particular challenge for Francis was his aversion to lepers, due to his love for beauty. Determined to overcome this, he had a transformative encounter with a leper while riding in the valley. In an act of immense self-conquest, he got off his horse, kissed the leper's hand, and generously gave him money. This act was a significant step in his journey towards embracing a life dedicated to compassion and service.

During a period of great personal uncertainty and inner conflict, Saint Francis visited Rome, possibly for business reasons. He was experiencing a profound internal crisis, feeling lost and disconnected from his previous way of life. Yet, he hadn't found a new path to follow. This period was marked by a deep dissatisfaction with himself, life, and the world, and his true calling remained unclear to him. His mental state appeared somewhat unstable, as he was open to following any sudden impulse, hoping it would lead him to peace and happiness.

In this state of mind, while wandering through Saint Peter's Basilica, he noticed the meager offerings at the shrines. Acting impulsively, he took all the money he had and threw it into the offering at the tomb of the Apostles, causing a loud noise that drew the attention of those around him. Embarrassed by this act, which might have seemed like a display of showiness despite his genuine intentions, he quickly left the church.

Outside, he encountered a group of beggars on the cathedral steps. Overcome by another wave of enthusiasm, he exchanged his clothes for the rags of a beggar and spent the rest of the day begging alongside the poor. This series of impulsive acts reflected the chaos and confusion in his thoughts and the intense search for a new direction in his life.

After completing his business in Rome, Saint Francis returned to Assisi, but he did not revert to his previous carefree lifestyle. Instead, he found himself being gently and steadily drawn into a life of deeper piety and meditation on God and the mysteries of the Christian faith. The profound story of Christ's life, his selfless existence, and his sacrificial death deeply moved Francis. This impact was similar to how a charismatic leader can inspire a young person with enthusiasm and a sense of dedication.

Francis's heart, which had been searching for a profound love to embrace, found its answer in the Incarnate Son of God. Interestingly, Francis didn't seem troubled by concerns for his own salvation; he was completely absorbed in his love and admiration for Jesus. The Gospel stories, which he reflected upon deeply, felt so real to him that he longed to emulate every aspect of Jesus's life.

He found a secluded cave in a forest, a place of quiet and solitude, where he would spend hours in prayer and contemplation, often accompanied by a friend who waited outside. When he emerged from these sessions, his appearance was noticeably changed, his face pale and worn, indicating the intensity of his spiritual experience.

This period in Francis's life was like a time in the wilderness, a significant break from his past. His old life, with its familiar joys and pleasures, seemed utterly distant and unfulfilling. To his friends and family, it appeared as if a shadow had fallen over the bright promise of his youthful years, as he walked a path that was incomprehensible to them, guided by a profound inner calling.

In a state of restless seeking, Saint Francis felt compelled to find a purposeful endeavor. His next significant action, influenced by his then unsettled mental state, determined his future path. He became drawn to a small, dilapidated church dedicated to Saint Damian in Assisi, frequently visiting it for private prayer. The church's disrepair deeply struck him, sparking a sudden resolve to restore it.

This decision, while appearing logical, is said to have stemmed from a remarkable event, as recounted by Saint Francis's biographers, Saint Bonaventura and the Three Companions. They narrate that while Francis was praying in the church, he heard the crucifix speak to him, urging him to repair the building. Francis, eager and straightforward, mistakenly believed the instruction was about the physical church of Saint Damian, not realizing the broader symbolic implication that it referred to the Catholic Church in the West, which was in a state of turmoil at the time.

Driven by this perceived divine command, Francis acted impulsively, much like his previous acts of emptying his purse at the tomb of the Apostles and exchanging clothes with a beggar. He took several bales of cloth from his father's warehouse without permission and sold them along with his horse in Foligno, bringing the money to the priest at Saint Damian's church. However, the priest, upon learning how Francis had acquired the money, refused to accept it, leading a frustrated and disappointed Francis to throw the money away.

Embracing a Life of Sacrifice and Spiritual Service

After the incident at the Church of Saint Damian, Francis was reluctant to confront his father, Pietro Bernadone, and sought sanctuary with the local priest. Despite Francis's situation, the priest upheld his moral principles and refused the improperly obtained money. Francis spent several days in the church, grappling with his feelings of dejection and confusion.

Upon discovering Francis's location, his father, filled with anger over the stolen goods and money, led a group to confront him. Francis hid in a cellar, enduring a period of deep despair before finding the resolve to face his challenges. His return to the streets of Assisi marked a stark contrast from his former life; once a beloved and prosperous merchant, he was now seen as a haggard and troubled man.

The townspeople, who had previously admired him, now subjected him to ridicule and hostility. Pietro, overwhelmed by shame and fury, assaulted Francis and confined him at home. During Pietro's absence, Francis's mother compassionately released him, symbolizing his estrangement from his familial life.

Francis made his way back to Saint Damian, now completely detached from his previous existence. His father, persisting in his anger, demanded the return of his money and a formal renunciation of any family inheritance claims. In a confrontational meeting with the bishop, Pietro insisted on these demands. The bishop counseled Francis to return the money, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct.

In a poignant act of renunciation, Francis removed his luxurious clothing, giving back everything he had received from his father, and proclaimed that henceforth, only God would be his father. The bishop, touched by this act, covered Francis with his mantle, signifying a new chapter in his life.

His father, still embittered, collected the money and clothes, symbolically disowning Francis. Now clad in a simple laborer's frock, Francis embarked on a path of extreme humility and hardship. He ventured into the snowy woods, singing God's praises, despite the harsh winter. He found temporary refuge in a monastery, working in the kitchen, and later journeyed to Gubbio. Francis dedicated himself to the selfless care of lepers and the complete suppression of his personal desires and ambitions. This phase marked Francis's total transformation and his unwavering commitment to a life of spiritual devotion and poverty.

After achieving self-mastery, Saint Francis returned to San Damiano to begin the work he felt called to do: restoring the church. He tirelessly carried stones from the quarries, shaped them, and built them into the church walls. His dedication was so intense that he personally dragged heavy stones up the hill, mixed mortar, laid bricks, and plastered the walls. The local people of Assisi, initially mocking him, gradually began to watch him in wonder. Their ridicule turned to reverence and awe, and they eventually started helping him, leading to the successful restoration of the church.

During this laborious project, the priest at San Damiano tried to provide Francis with delicacies, knowing his background of living in comfort. However, Francis, committed to a life of simplicity and humility, was almost offended by this indulgence. In a dramatic response, he took a dish and went into Assisi, begging for scraps at doorways like a common pauper. The people of Assisi, familiar with his past and his transformation, were astounded to see him in this state, but they understood why he had embraced such a radical change.

When he gathered enough scraps for a meal, Francis returned to eat what he had collected, overcoming his initial disgust. This experience was a turning point for him. He joyfully told the priest that he would no longer need special provisions, as he had found a way to sustain himself without detracting from his spiritual mission.

This incident, seemingly minor, laid the foundation for the first principle of the Rule of Saint Francis. At this point, Francis had not yet conceptualized any formal Rule. After completing the restoration of San Damiano, he went on to restore two other churches: Saint Peter's and Saint Maria degli Angeli at the Portiuncula, which subsequently became his home base. This period in Francis's life was marked by a profound dedication to service, a radical embrace of poverty, and a commitment to living a life aligned with the teachings and example of Christ.

The Birth of a New Mission

Over two years, Saint Francis continued his unique, semi-ecclesiastical life, living alone without formally joining any monastic order. In 1208, a pivotal moment occurred during a mass in the small church of Portiuncula. A passage from the Gospel resonated with him profoundly: "Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves. And as ye go, preach, saying, 'The kingdom of heaven is at hand.'"

Francis saw this as a direct call to action. He immediately abandoned his shoes, discarded his staff, replaced his leather belt with a simple cord, and began a life of preaching. These changes, somewhat accidental, became distinctive traits of the Franciscan Order, which was still in its formative stage. This Gospel passage provided Francis with a clear purpose, something he had been searching for during his years of spiritual struggle.

He left the church as a preacher, unknowingly initiating a mission that would eventually influence nations and countless lives. Francis began his preaching with a simple message of peace and quickly gained a following. His words were described as powerful and impactful.

His first follower was an unnamed boy from Assisi, though this individual doesn't feature prominently in later accounts, suggesting he may have left the emerging Order. The next to join was Bernardo di Quintavalle, a wealthy and learned man who gave up his possessions to follow Francis. Another early disciple was Pietro de Catanio, a canon from the Assisi Cathedral. Shortly after, Egidio, another citizen of Assisi, joined them.

Francis and Egidio embarked on a journey to the Marches of Ancona, spreading their message. Francis preached simple but profound admonitions to love, serve God, and repent, while Egidio supported his teachings. During this journey, Francis seemed to have a premonition about the future of his Order, comparing it to a fisherman who keeps the larger fish and releases the smaller ones, surprising Egidio given the Order's humble beginnings.

This period marked the genesis of what would become the Franciscan Order, characterized by poverty, simplicity, and a dedication to preaching and serving the poor. Francis's approach, rooted in his profound spiritual awakening, began to attract followers, laying the foundation for a significant religious movement.

As the number of St. Francis' disciples grew, reaching seven, he decided to send them out in pairs to preach, just as Jesus did with His disciples. Before they left, St. Francis gave them a heartfelt speech. According to Bonaventura, a chronicler of his life, he told them to "proclaim peace to men; preach repentance for the remission of sins. Be patient in tribulation, watchful in prayer, strong in labour, moderate in speech, grave in conversation, thankful for benefits." As each disciple departed, St. Francis offered a personal farewell, saying, "Cast thy care upon the Lord, and He will sustain thee."

The disciples' journeys brought them varied experiences. Some people welcomed them as heavenly messengers, while others treated them harshly, thinking they were crazy. But everywhere they went, they sparked reactions—whether it was interest, opposition, or simply amazement. Their commitment to a life of poverty was a stark contrast to a world consumed by the pursuit of wealth, and this made a significant impact.

Until this point, the group had been living together without any formal rules or bonds, united only by their own choice and shared ideals. Francis was their natural leader, inspiring them to leave their worldly lives and guiding them forward. However, they weren't officially bound to him or to the challenging life they had chosen. This period was the beginning of their journey, one that would soon evolve into a more structured way of life.

When their small house at the Portiuncula became overcrowded, St. Francis realized the need for a formal structure for his followers. Troubled by this, he often went out at night to pray and meditate. During one of these sessions, as recorded by Celano, Francis, overwhelmed with anxiety, could only repeat, "God be merciful to me a sinner." It was then that he envisioned the future of his order, filled with joy and hope. He saw a diverse group of followers – French, Spaniards, Germans, and English – joining them.

Inspired, Francis created a set of rules, emphasizing the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Unlike other monastic orders, the poverty Francis demanded was absolute. While other orders allowed the community to own wealth, the Fratres Minores (Francis' followers) were to rely entirely on God’s providence, living off charity without any secured provisions.

Another key aspect of Francis' rule was active engagement in the world. Unlike traditional monks, his followers were to preach and be active heralds of God’s kingdom. Francis believed in working for God and helping others, often giving away his own belongings.

Upon completing the rules, Francis presented them to the Bishop of Assisi, who initially hesitated, finding the idea of a possession-free life daunting. Francis' argument about the dangers of owning property convinced the bishop. Then, Francis and his followers went to Rome to seek approval from Pope Innocent III.

Interestingly, Pope Innocent initially dismissed Francis. However, a dream in which he saw Francis supporting the Church of S. John Lateran changed his mind. The next day, he called for Francis and, after some debate, approved the rule. The Pope gave Francis and his followers the tonsure, marking them as clerks, though they were not ordained priests.

The joy of St. Francis and his disciples was boundless when they received the Pope's blessing and the tonsure as a sign of consecration. They embarked on their journey home to Assisi, carrying nothing with them – no shoes, staff, money, or even food for their journey. Although they were returning to Assisi, they did not go back to their small shelter at the Portiuncula for reasons unknown. Perhaps they temporarily lost the permission to stay there.

The group, as described by Celano, spent about two weeks near the town of Orta, preaching in the city and relying on begging for their food. They traveled through various cities and castles, spreading their message. In the town squares and before the fortified castles, Francis' passionate speeches touched many, including those hardened by feudal life.

One notable incident involved an entire castle community – from the lord and lady to the officers and retainers – being so moved by Francis' words that they wanted to abandon everything to follow him. Recognizing the impracticality of such a drastic life change for everyone, Francis formed the Third Order. This order was for laymen and women who wished to commit to his teachings without abandoning their worldly responsibilities and roles.

Upon reaching the vicinity of Assisi, the group settled in a deserted hut at Rivo-Torto. Here, their sustenance was often limited to biscuits, as they struggled to find bread. It was during this time that the followers requested a form of prayer from Francis. Lacking ecclesiastical books and being untrained in complex clerical offices, they were taught simple prayers by Francis. They would recite the "Our Father" and a prayer of adoration and gratitude to Christ whenever they saw a cross or church.

After spending time at Rivo-Torto, St. Francis and his followers were given the Portiuncula, a small church with surrounding land, by the Benedictines of Subiaco. This place, which previously belonged to the Benedictines, became the permanent home for the Franciscan Order. The Portiuncula, thus, turned into a significant site, as important as Monte Subiaco itself in the history of religious orders.

At the Portiuncula, the daily life of the brethren was less structured than in older religious orders. They didn’t divide their time formally between study, prayer, and manual labor. Their primary commitment was to attend mass once a day if possible. The Franciscans lived a life of freedom, moving about, begging, and yet also giving. They shared the bread of charity with others as poor as themselves, seeing it as heavenly sustenance. A strict rule they followed was the absolute avoidance of money, not even for charitable purposes.

Within three years from when Francis, once scorned and mistreated in Assisi, had dramatically changed his and his followers' standing in society. He went from being mocked and physically abused to preaching in the Cathedral on Sundays. His influence extended beyond his small convent at the Portiuncula, impacting the entire region.

People's perceptions shifted dramatically. The Franciscans, once seen as madmen in their simple, snuff-colored habits, began to be revered as saints. Their detachment from earthly possessions led to a life free from fear, care, and worldly troubles. They lived day by day, unburdened by anxiety for the future or their next shelter, embodying a profound spiritual freedom.

"Fioretti" Stories About St. Francis

The "Fioretti," a collection of stories about St. Francis, provides charming anecdotes from his time at the Portiuncula. These tales often depict Francis stealing away into the woods for prayer, reminiscent of a secluded garden in monastic tales. Unlike many monasteries, the Portiuncula likely didn't have a garden, but the woods served as a spiritual retreat for Francis.

One story involves a brother named Richerio, who felt troubled, believing that Francis did not hold him in high regard. Carrying this burden, he was surprised when Francis called him aside one day and reassured him with warmth and affection. Francis told him he was valued and welcomed his companionship and trust. This gesture of understanding and reassurance reflects the deep empathy Francis had for his followers.

Another tale shows Francis' keen insight into the needs of his brethren. He noticed that a brother was suffering due to excessive fasting and was too ashamed to admit his hunger. Demonstrating practical compassion, Francis went to the brother's cell with bread, eating alongside him to ease his shame. This act of solidarity helped the brother accept his natural needs without feeling guilty. 

The next morning, Francis gathered the brethren and shared what had happened. He advised them to assist each other in times of excessive austerity and emphasized the importance of discretion, which he regarded as the guide of all virtues. Through these actions, St. Francis not only provided care and support but also imparted wisdom, encouraging a balanced approach to ascetic practices. These anecdotes highlight his profound empathy, understanding of human nature, and commitment to a life of humility and service.

In another touching episode from the life of St. Francis, we see his inner turmoil as he grapples with the renunciation of worldly attachments, including the tender affections and hopeful dreams of youth. Francis, still young and full of human desires, struggled with the warmth and grace innate to his nature and his Italian heritage.

One night, in a moment of intense emotion, he left his earthen bed and went into the night. A fellow brother, observing from his cell, saw Francis create seven small figures from snow. Speaking to himself, Francis named the figures as his family – a wife, children, and servants – and contemplated the responsibilities and cares for such a family. He then reflected on the challenges of providing for them and the simplicity of serving God alone. In this poignant moment Francis' revealed his deep humanity. For an instant, he allowed himself to imagine a life with a loving wife and children, feeling the pain of sacrificing earthly love for divine devotion. 

The Chapter of 1212

The first twelve disciples of St. Francis, who began as a small group, quickly expanded into a significant movement. As the Franciscan Order grew, new members who exhibited specific talents, especially in preaching, were sent out in pairs to spread their message. St. Francis, with the authority granted by Pope Innocent, licensed those capable of preaching.

Their approach to evangelism was remarkably straightforward and in strict adherence to the teachings of the Gospel. They would first seek shelter with a local priest; if that was not possible, they would stay with the most respected person in the area. Their presence and preaching would then attract new followers, necessitating the establishment of additional Franciscan communities.

The Order's first official gathering, or Chapter, occurred around 1212, only six years after St. Francis' conversion. This meeting was essential for the brethren who had been traveling extensively, spreading their message across the land. From then on, every Pentecost became a time for the Order to reconvene. These gatherings started with smaller groups from nearby towns like Assisi and Perugia, but quickly grew in size. Thousands of followers would eventually come to camp around the Portiuncula, demonstrating the rapid and remarkable expansion of the Franciscan Order.

The year 1212 was a pivotal one in the life of St. Francis. It marked significant milestones and challenges in his journey. This year saw the Franciscan Order rapidly gaining prominence, receiving verbal sanction from the Pope and drawing the attention and sympathy of the Church. Influential figures like the Cardinal of San Paolo and other ecclesiastics began to see in Francis a true reformer, recognizing the authenticity and passion of his mission.

With the foundation of the community now solid, Francis didn't consider resting on these achievements. Instead, he felt called to embark on missions further afield. His first attempt was a mission to the East, following the paths of the Crusaders. However, this venture was unsuccessful, and he returned in time for the Franciscan Order's Pentecostal Chapter without having made significant headway.

In the following year, Francis aimed to reach out to the Moors in Spain, hoping to preach and convert them. Like his previous attempt, this mission also did not yield the desired results. Upon returning from Spain, Francis encountered Cardinal Ugolino, the Bishop of Ostia, who would later become a key protector of the Franciscan Order. At this time, Ugolino was the Pope's legate in Florence.

Cardinal Ugolino advised Francis to focus on strengthening the Order within their homeland rather than pursuing these challenging foreign missions. With a Council scheduled in Rome the next year, Ugolino suggested that this would be an opportune time to seek the official and written confirmation of the Franciscan rule. This guidance marked a turning point for Francis, steering his efforts towards solidifying the foundations of his rapidly growing Order.

The Friendship of St. Francis and St. Clara

In 1212, the Franciscan Order underwent a significant development with the establishment of a sisterhood, the Poor Clares, founded by St. Clara. This sisterhood was a companion to the Franciscan Order, representing the first instance of women joining the Mendicant movement. The rule applied to the Poor Clares emphasized both individual and corporate poverty, which presented unique challenges for women compared to men. Unlike their male counterparts who could beg for their sustenance, the nuns were cloistered and relied on other means of support.

The role of these women was more passive compared to the active preaching and aid provided by the Franciscan friars. The Poor Clares dedicated their lives to prayer, supporting their brethren spiritually and offering intercessions for a world largely indifferent to spiritual matters.

The relationship between St. Francis and St. Clara stands out as a remarkable aspect of this period. Despite their mutual commitment to religious life, which entailed significant separation from worldly joys, they shared a profound and touching friendship. Due to the strict rules of the Franciscan Order, their interactions were limited and reserved. Francis was not a priest guiding Clara's spiritual journey, yet they shared a deep spiritual connection. Francis sought Clara's prayers and counsel in times of difficulty, and their mutual support and understanding provided comfort and strength in their respective missions. Saint Clara, deeply moved by her bond with Francis, longed to share a meal with him. Despite her persistent requests, Francis initially refused, adhering to his strict principles of simplicity and humility.

However, Francis's companions noticed Clara's distress over his refusal and urged him to reconsider, highlighting her dedication and sacrifice. They reminded him that Clara, inspired by his preaching, had renounced worldly pleasures, wealth, and society. Persuaded by their argument, Francis agreed to the meeting, suggesting they dine at Saint Mary of the Angels church. This church held special significance as it was where Clara had taken her vows and committed herself to a life as Christ’s bride.

On the day of their meeting, Clara, accompanied by a nun, arrived at the church. Francis arranged for a humble meal, seating himself next to Clara. The atmosphere of their gathering was not focused on the meal but was enveloped in a deep spiritual discussion. As Francis spoke of God, everyone present, including Clara, was drawn into a state of ecstasy, their attention completely turned towards the divine, forgetting the food before them. This moment was so profound that, according to legend, the townspeople of Assisi thought the church was ablaze, mistaking their spiritual fervor for actual fire.

After the meal, Clara returned to her convent, Saint Damian's, feeling greatly comforted by this rare encounter. This event marked one of their few meetings not centered around spiritual guidance. For Clara, returning to the church where she had committed herself to her religious path a decade earlier was a poignant experience. She recalled her initial journey to the church, the symbolic cutting of her hair, and donning the simple garb that marked her departure from worldly life, all of which happened under the same roof where she now shared this special meal with Francis.

The Meeting of St. Francis and St. Dominic in 1215

In 1215, a significant event occurred in the history of the Franciscan Order: the Fourth Lateran Council convened, where the rule of the Franciscans received public sanction from Pope Innocent III and the assembled bishops. Although not formally confirmed by a papal bull at that time, this public recognition was crucial for firmly establishing the Order in Italy.

A notable and often recounted moment in this period is the supposed meeting between St. Francis and St. Dominic, the founder of the Dominican Order. According to a well-known story, Dominic had a profound vision while praying in a church in Rome. In his vision, he saw the Lord, frustrated with the sins of the world, holding three lances meant to punish different groups of sinners. However, the Virgin Mary intervened, promising to send two faithful servants to guide sinners back to God. One of these servants was Dominic himself, and the other was a man he had not yet met.

The next morning, as Dominic reflected on this vision, he saw a stranger in a humble brown tunic entering the church to pray. Recognizing him from his vision, Dominic approached the stranger, who was none other than St. Francis. Overcome with emotion, Dominic embraced Francis, declaring their shared mission and affirming that united, they would be invincible in their efforts to serve God and guide sinners to salvation.

Tales of Kindness and Compassion

Between 1214 and 1219, the life of Saint Francis lacked public events, but it's filled with heartwarming tales of his private life. These stories reflect his tenderness, kindness, humanity, and his courteous nature. Saint Francis felt a deep connection with all of God's creatures, treating every person and animal as a brother or sister. He shared a special bond with animals, be it the sheep, birds, the donkey he rode, or even the bees under his care. His heart rejoiced with the happiness of nature and was moved by the struggles of even the smallest creatures.

Several anecdotes showcase his unique relationship with animals. Once, while traveling through the Marches of Venice, Francis heard a multitude of birds singing. He asked his companions to join him in praising God amidst the birds. However, their chirping made it hard to hear, so he asked the birds to be quiet until they finished their prayers. Remarkably, the birds fell silent and only resumed their singing once the prayers were complete. In another instance in Alvia, when swallows' chirping disrupted his sermon, he kindly asked them to be silent until he finished, and they obeyed.

In Gubbio, a story tells of a leveret (a young hare) brought to Francis. Seeing the scared animal, he called it to him, and it took refuge in his gown. He gently released it back into the wild. A similar story occurred with a rabbit on the Lake of Perugia, which also sought refuge with Francis, sensing his kindness.

During a boat ride on Lake Rieti, Francis encountered a fisherman with a large tench. He spoke to the fish as a brother, released it back into the water, and while he prayed, the fish stayed near the boat until he finished.

Lambs held a special place in Francis' heart. Once, he exchanged his brown habit for a lamb he saw among goats, seeing it as a symbol of Jesus among the Pharisees. He used the lamb in his sermons and later left it at a convent. The sisters there later sent him a gown made from its wool, which he joyfully accepted. At his home, the Portiuncula, a lamb was his constant companion, and he taught it to praise God and live peacefully with the other brothers.

Francis also displayed faith in challenging situations. Once, caught in darkness near the Po River, his companion expressed fear. Francis prayed for light, and a flash of lightning illuminated their path, guiding them safely.

Lastly, when Francis was ill and longed for music, he didn't ask for it out of respect for religious decorum. Miraculously, while lying in his cell, he heard a beautiful harp playing, fulfilling his wish in a mysterious and profound way. This story, like many others, illustrates the deep spiritual connection and compassion that Saint Francis embodied throughout his life.

The Chapter of 1219

In 1219, a significant event in the history of the Franciscan Order took place: a Chapter (a formal assembly) that brought together, likely, every member of the society at Assisi. This gathering was crucial as it was the first time the Order's size was estimated, with around five thousand members reported. There was a growing need for general legislation, and this massive assembly was organized to address it.

The meeting took place around Pentecost, and the brothers arrived from all corners, all equally penniless. Their destination was a small church and convent, the Portiuncula, which was as humble as they were. This site lacked adequate provisions even for the founder, Saint Francis, and his close group of friars, let alone for thousands of guests.

The Portiuncula is nestled in the lower slopes of the Apennine hills, overlooking a sun-drenched Italian plain. Here, the brothers erected makeshift shelters from straw thatch, matting, and rushes, similar to those seen in Italian fields. These huts were arranged neatly in lines according to each brother's province of origin. The assembly was aptly named "Storcarum" – the gathering of straw huts.

The "Fioretti" describes this scene vividly, suggesting the account of an eyewitness. Notable figures like Cardinal Ugolino and Saint Dominic were present, observing how Francis managed his Order. Saint Francis had made no preparations for such a large group, relying entirely on Providence. This act of faith seemed reckless to some, including Saint Dominic.

As Saint Francis addressed his brethren, a miraculous event occurred. Citizens from Perugia, Spoleto, Foligno, and Assisi sent a bounty of bread, wine, beans, and game to the friars. This abundance, appearing out of nowhere, astonished everyone, including Saint Dominic, who realized the power of Francis's faith and Providence's care for the Order.

During this significant assembly, the organizational structure of the Franciscan Order was formally established. Ministers were elected to lead the provinces where the Catholic faith was present. Previously, Francis had created the positions of Guardian for community leaders and Minister for provincial leaders, emphasizing humility. However, this was the first time members were officially appointed to these roles. The growing size of the community meant it could no longer be managed by a single leader. Each Provincial would oversee several convents, and these Provincials would report to the General of the Order based in Assisi.

Mission to the East and Return

After the completion of the Chapter in 1219, Saint Francis embarked on a mission he had long dreamed of: traveling to the East. At this time, the Crusading army, led by the devout King Louis, was in Egypt, laying siege to Damietta. With a bold spirit, Francis sailed to Egypt and entered the Christian camp. His daring plan was to be captured by Arabs and brought before the Sultan, Melek-el-Khamed, to preach about Christ.

True to his plan, Francis was captured and taken to the Sultan. There, he fearlessly began preaching about Christ crucified. The Sultan listened with admiration for Francis's courage and enthusiasm, but remained unmoved by his message. After a few days, realizing his preaching had no impact, Francis decided to leave. The Sultan, showing respect for Francis, allowed him to depart freely. "Seeing that he could not gain much fruit in these parts," Francis chose to return home, acknowledging the mission as unfruitful.

Francis journeyed back by ship to Venice. In Venice, he was met by fellow brethren, including Leonard, a nobleman from Assisi. As they traveled back home, weary from his efforts, Francis rode an ass while Fra Leonardo walked behind. Leonardo, despite his noble background, was frustrated at having to walk behind the son of a merchant. Sensing his companion’s disgruntled mood, Francis humbly got off the ass, acknowledging the imbalance in their roles. This act demonstrated Francis’s deep empathy and sensitivity to the feelings of others, even in his own state of fatigue.

In 1220, after the pivotal Chapter, Saint Francis journeyed to Bologna, where his friend, Cardinal Ugolino, was on a mission from the Pope. Bologna was also home to a growing community of Minorites (Franciscans), established by Brother Bernard nine years prior. This community had expanded so much that their original residence was too small to accommodate everyone.

Arriving on the Feast of the Assumption, Francis's first act was not to rest or seek out his friends, but to preach in the Piazza to the people about the Word of God. A student at the time, Thomas of Spoleto, witnessed this and left a vivid description. He noted Francis's unimposing physical appearance but was struck by the power of his preaching. Francis's sermon, using the text "Angels, Men, Devils," moved many, including quarreling nobles who temporarily reconciled.

After his sermon, the crowd followed Francis, filled with emotion, to the residence of Cardinal Ugolino. However, Francis was shocked and upset upon seeing the new, lavish building for the Minorites. He saw this as a betrayal of their vow of poverty and refused to recognize it as part of his Order. In his anger, he ordered all the friars, even the sick, to leave the building, showing his disapproval of such luxury.

Cardinal Ugolino intervened in this chaotic situation. He reasoned with Francis, arguing that the spacious building was beneficial for the sick and those studying. He even offered to take possession of the building in the name of Rome to resolve the conflict. Although Francis was not fully convinced, he allowed the sick monks to return. However, he himself refused to enter the opulent building and stayed with the Dominicans instead.

During his stay with the Dominicans, one of the Preaching Friars saw Francis's distress and the remorse of the Minorites. He convinced Francis to forgive his disciples, though he didn't forgive the minister responsible, Giovanni de Stiacchia. Giovanni had allowed the luxurious building to be erected and established a school more suited to a university than their Order. Francis disbanded the school, urged the monks to focus on prayer and preaching rather than academic pursuits, and left Bologna. He left behind forgiveness but also carried a deep sense of division and concern that his Order was straying from its original values. It is noted that after Francis left, Brother Giovanni reinstated his school.

The Birth of the Third Order

After a turbulent period, Saint Francis and Cardinal Ugolino sought solace in a Camaldolite hermitage in the hills, spending time in meditation and devotion. This period of peace rejuvenated Francis, preparing him for his return to Assisi for the Feast of Saint Michael and the upcoming Chapter.

Upon his return, Francis encountered Elias, who had been appointed head of the Order. Elias's elaborate attire, contrasting sharply with the Order's ideals of simplicity, prompted Francis to mockingly wear a similar tunic and then dramatically discard it, emphasizing the importance of their humble lifestyle.

During the Chapter, changes Elias had made were mostly overturned, except for his ban on eating meat, which Francis hesitantly allowed. Elias was replaced as head by Pietro de Catania. Despite differences, Francis respected Elias's knowledge and ascetic dedication.

A significant development in 1221 was the establishment of the Third Order of Franciscans. Francis, recognizing that not everyone could commit to the life of a nun or friar, created this Order for laypeople desiring to serve God while fulfilling their worldly responsibilities. Members of the Third Order vowed to follow God's commandments, avoid secular entertainments like balls and theaters, and abstain from bearing arms except in defense of their country or the Church. They were discouraged from swearing oaths and engaging in lawsuits, encouraged to live peaceably, and required to abstain from meat on certain days. Their prayer routine included reciting the Lord's Prayer seven times at each canonical hour.

This Order provided a strong community bond, connecting people from various backgrounds in mutual support and spiritual guidance. It quickly gained prominence, attracting notable figures like Saint Louis of France, his mother and wife, and Saint Elizabeth of Hungary. The Third Order offered a practical way for laypeople to connect with the spiritual fervor of the Franciscans without abandoning their worldly duties.

Origin of the Christmas Crib

In 1223, Saint Francis retreated to Monte Gargano to revise his rule, a guideline for his followers, before seeking its final approval from the Pope. After completing it in the winter, he traveled to Rome. There, with the support of Cardinal Ugolino, he met with Pope Honorius III and successfully obtained the formal ratification of his Rule on November 29, a significant milestone for the Franciscan Order.

Following this achievement, Francis made another unique request to the Pope. He wished to introduce representations of the Bethlehem manger in Franciscan churches during Christmas to captivate the popular imagination and educate the unlearned. With the Pope's permission, Francis set up a scene in a church near Assisi in a village called Greccio. This setup included a stable, a manger with straw, and even live animals like an ox and an ass, to recreate the nativity scene.

On Christmas night, the church in Greccio was filled with people carrying tapers and torches. While friars sang carols around the crib, Francis stood beside it, deeply moved and joyful, envisioning the baby Jesus in the manger. His friend, Giovanni, experienced a vision during this event. He saw a child, symbolizing Christ, lying in the manger, seemingly lifeless. However, as Francis approached, the child appeared to wake up and reach out to him, representing the revival of Christ's presence in the hearts of the people.

This initiative of Francis to recreate the nativity scene was incredibly impactful. At the time, Northern Italy was struggling with the spread of Manicheism, a heresy that denied Christ's Incarnation. Francis's nativity scenes helped to counter this heresy by vividly bringing the story of the Incarnation to the forefront of people's minds. This approach was far more effective in combating heresy than the harsh punishments often imposed on the Manichees.

Additionally, Francis made a significant contribution to religious and cultural life by composing hymns in the vernacular, or the local language. He was a pioneer in using the native tongue for sacred poetry, paving the way for future masters like Dante, who would reach new heights in this art form. Through these creative and heartfelt efforts, Saint Francis left a lasting impact on religious practice and expression.

The Miraculous Event at Monte Alverno

At the age of forty-two, a significant and mystical event occurred in the life of Saint Francis, distinguishing him uniquely among saints. Orlando of Chiusi, a nobleman, generously offered Francis the use of Monte Alverno, a remote and rocky retreat on his land, perfect for a hermitage. Intrigued by its solitary beauty, Francis decided to spend the autumn season there, fasting and praying before the Feast of Saint Michael.

Accompanied by three of his brethren, Fra Matteo, Fra Leo, and Fra Angelo – with the latter two later becoming important sources for his biography – Francis embarked on this spiritual journey. Exhausted from the rugged journey to Alverno, Francis rested under an oak tree, where he experienced a miraculous welcome. A flock of birds, seemingly recognizing Francis as a kindred spirit, swarmed around him, settling on his head, shoulders, arms, and even in his cowl. This extraordinary interaction with nature left his companions in awe.

Francis, deeply moved and delighted by this warm reception from the birds, interpreted it as a divine sign of approval from Jesus Christ for their stay at Monte Alverno. 

Under the vast expanse of the Italian sky, surrounded by beeches, chestnuts, and mighty oaks, Saint Francis and his three companions found themselves in a setting of profound natural beauty and isolation. Elevated above the world, amidst the rugged rocks and deep ravines, they were as reliant on God as the birds, dedicated to prayer and contemplation, far removed from the noise and distractions of the distant world.

Francis settled into a small cell beneath a beech tree, a humble abode built for his retreat. Accustomed to living in simplicity and enduring all kinds of weather, Francis and his brethren adapted easily to their environment. They were promised sustenance by Orlando, the noble who had given them this retreat, allowing them to fully immerse themselves in spiritual pursuits without worldly concerns.

During this time, Francis was acutely aware of his mortality. He had received a divine premonition that he would live only two more years, and his physical strength was evidently waning. His lifelong neglect for his physical well-being was taking its toll, symbolizing the gathering clouds at sunset, even though he was just over forty years old.

Seeking guidance from God, Francis continued his practice of seeking answers in the Holy Scriptures. Each time he opened the Bible, it fell to passages describing the Lord's Passion. Francis interpreted this as a sign that his path to heaven would be marked by suffering, mirroring the tribulations of Christ. This revelation, while solemn, was in line with his deep faith and commitment to following in the footsteps of his divine Master.

The Vision of the Seraph and the Stigmata

In his secluded hut under the beech tree at Monte Alverno, Saint Francis experienced a profound spiritual ecstasy. His disciples, who later documented this event, described him murmuring not elaborate prayers but a simple, humble phrase repeatedly: "What art thou, dearest Lord, my God? and what am I, a vile worm and unworthy servant?" This deep reflection reached its zenith on Holy Cross Day, September 14, when a miraculous vision occurred.

While in prayer, Francis saw a seraph, a celestial being, with an extraordinary appearance: arms extended and feet joined as if nailed to a cross, and six wings – two raised above its head, two outstretched for flight, and two covering its body. This vision, described by Thomas of Celano, filled Francis with both wonder and sorrow. The beauty of the seraph brought him joy, but the representation of the crucifixion caused him grief and fear.

As he pondered over the meaning of this vision, something miraculous happened to Francis himself. Marks resembling nails, similar to those he saw on the crucified figure in the vision, appeared on his hands and feet – these were the stigmata, the wounds of Christ. These stigmata were something Francis carried discreetly until his death, not seeking to publicize this divine mystery.

Upon returning to the Portiuncula, Francis remained silent about this profound experience, despite the visible signs on his body and the curiosity they aroused among the brethren. Fra Illuminato, a close companion, sensed that something extraordinary had occurred and urged Francis to share his experience. Francis eventually revealed the details of the vision but kept certain aspects secret, as they were meant only for him.

Final Days and Hours

In the final phase of his life, after returning to his convent, Saint Francis focused intently on continuing his spiritual work, despite his rapidly declining health. His body was frail, but his spirit remained strong and determined. The saying by Celano, "Of all his body he made a tongue," poignantly describes how Francis communicated his message not just through words, but through the very endurance of his physical suffering.

As his health deteriorated, Francis experienced a loss of sight. In hopes of curing this, he underwent cautery, a painful medical procedure, in Rieti. His condition did not improve significantly, and on his journey back home, it became evident in Nursia that he was nearing the end of his life.

The people of Assisi, deeply concerned that their beloved saint might pass away outside their city, sent a delegation to ensure he was brought back to Assisi. Francis was escorted to the bishop's palace in Assisi with great care and reverence. However, a few days before his death, he expressed a desire to be taken to the Portiuncula, the cherished birthplace of his Order.

As he was carried towards the Portiuncula, Francis, with a profound sense of attachment and foresight, urged his brethren to always honor and preserve this sacred place. Pausing on the way, he blessed the town of Assisi, acknowledging it as his nurturing home.

Upon reaching the convent, Francis prepared for his passing. He asked for pen and ink and, with Angelo by his side to transcribe, dictated his last will. This document was more of a testament than a conventional will, aimed at reinforcing the principles of his Rule to his followers. He seemed to anticipate the upcoming challenges and divisions that would confront the Franciscan Order and emphasized the importance of unwavering adherence to the foundational Rule. This final act was a testament to Francis's enduring commitment to his spiritual mission, even in the face of death.

In the last moments of his life, Saint Francis, according to the account by Pisanus, is said to have called all his brethren to dine with him. The narrative, which includes Elias refusing to eat and leaving, is considered more a product of the era's efforts to parallel Francis's life with that of Christ rather than an actual event. More credibly, Francis likely gathered his brethren to impart his final advice and blessings.

In a deeply symbolic act, Francis asked for the Gospel of Saint John to be read to him, specifically the passage beginning with "Before the Feast of the Passover," from John 13. After the reading, despite his weakening voice, he sang Psalm 141 (142 in the Anglican Version), a poignant choice reflecting his feelings and spiritual journey.

These actions and words were his final message, a fitting conclusion to a life devoted to emulating Christ. Saint Francis passed away on Saturday, October 4th, and his funeral was held the following day in the Cathedral of Assisi.

The exact location of his burial within the cathedral remains unknown, shrouded in mystery and legend. It is whispered that deep beneath the church, Saint Francis stands erect, marked by the sacred stigmata, in a state of heavenly contemplation, awaiting resurrection.

While there are few physical relics of Saint Francis, several are revered across various locations. The convent at Castro-vecchio claims to have a vial of his blood that effervesces annually on his feast day. Other places, like Assisi and Monte Alverno, hold his blood, skin, and clothing, including his habit, linen shirt, shoes, and the napkin laid over his face after death, all venerated as sacred relics of a saint who profoundly impacted the Christian faith. Florence boasts of having his monastic habit, adding to the list of revered items associated with Saint Francis.